DRUGS
Alcohol
Nicotine
Drugs of Abuse
Drugs in Sport
|
SPECIMENS
Blood
Oral Fluid
Saliva
Urine
Sweat
Hair |
DETECTION
Marijuana
Opiates
Amphetamine
Methamphetamine
Benzodiazepines
Cocaine |
TESTING
Screening
Confirmation
On-site
Laboratory |
COMPARISON
Urine
vs.
Oral Fluid |
| GLOSSARY
|
|
STUDIES |
|
|
|
MANDATORY GUIDELINES
for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs |
| |
MULTIPLE ANALYTES: |
|
A Correlation Between the Levels of
Phenobarbital, Phenytoin and Valproic Acid in the Blood
Serum and in Saliva from Children Treated Due to Epilepsy
Reference: Sobaniec W.: Materia
Medica Polona, 1989, Volume 21:323-326. |
|
Adulterants Causing False Negatives in
Illicit Drug Testing
Reference: Mikkelsen SL, Ash KO: Clinical
Chemistry, 1988, Volume 34, Number 11, 2333-2336. |
|
Aminotransferases and Lactate
Dehydrogenase in Saliva of Diabetic Patients
Reference: Musumeci V, Cherubini P,
Zuppi C, Zappacosta B, Ghirlanda G, DiSalvo S, Journal
of Oral Pathol Medicine, 1993, Volume 22, Number
2:73-76. |
|
Analysis of Drugs of Abuse in Saliva
Reference: Samyn N., Verstraete A., van
Haeren C., Kintz P., Forensic Science Review, June
1999, Volume 11, Number 1, 1-19. |
|
Analysis of Drugs in Unconventional
Samples
Reference: Inoue T., Seta S: Forensic
Sci Rev, December 1992, Volume 4, Number 2:89-106. |
|
A Review of the Use of Saliva in the
Forensic Detection of Drugs and Other Chemicals
Reference: Idowu O.R., Caddy B.: Journal
of Forensic Science Society, 1982, Volume 22:123-135. |
|
A Sensitive and Simple Assay of Saliva
on Stamps
Reference: DeLeo D., Tagliaro F.,
Maschio S., Marigo M., Z Rechtsmed, 1985, Volume
95, 27-33. |
|
A Survey of Pre-Placement Urinalysis
Drug Findings
Reference: Wick RL, Brawley WL, Berger
BT: Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine,
January 1992, 56-59. |
|
An Untrafiltrate of Saliva Collected in
Situ as a Biological Sample for Diagnostic Evaluation
Reference: Schramm W, Smith RH: Clinical
Chemistry, 1991, Volume 37, Number 1:114-115. |
|
Basic Biological Sciences - Secretion of
Drugs by the Parotid Glands of Rats and Human Beings
Reference: DiGregorio G.J., Piraino A.J.,
Nagle B.T., Knaiz E.K., Journal Dental Res., May
1977, Volume 56, Number 5, 502-508. |
|
Buffer Effect of Saliva In
Vitro
Reference: Luoma H: Journal of Dental
Registry, 4-8/66, Volume 45, Number 4:1231. |
|
Buprenorphine Pharmacokinetics: Relative
Bioavailability of Sublingual Tablet and Liquid
Formulations
Reference: Nath RP, Upton RA, Everhart,
ET, Cheung P, Shwonek P, Jones RT, Mendelson JE: Journal
Clinical Pharmacol, 1999; Volume 39, 619-623. |
|
Chemical Dependency and Drug Testing in
the Workplace
Reference: Osterloh JD, Becker CE: Journal
of Psychoactive Drugs, October-December 1990,Volume
22, Number 4:407-417. |
|
Cocaine and Benzoylecgonine in Saliva,
Serum and Urine
Reference: Schramm W, Craig PA, Smith
RH, Berger GE: Clinical Chemistry, 1993, Volume 36,
Number 3:481-487. |
|
Comparison of Saliva and Urine Samples
in Thin-Layer Chromatographic Detection of Central Nervous
Stimulants
Reference: Vapaatalo H, Karkkainen S,
Senius KEO, Int. J. Clinical Pharmacology Res, Volume
IV, Number 1, (1984), 5-8. |
|
Concentration of Cholesterol in Blood
Serum and in Saliva
Reference: Manrique T., Odontologia,
1967, Volume 15, Number 1, 273. (Spanish) |
|
Critical Issues in Urinalysis of Abused
Substances: Report of the Substance-Abuse Testing
Committee
Reference: Kwong TC, et al: Clinical
Chemistry, 1988, Volume 34, Number 3, 605-632. |
|
Cross-Reactivity of Stimulants Found in
Sports Drug Testing by Two Fluorescence Polarization
Immunoassays
Reference: de la Torre R, Badia R,
Gonzalez G, Garcia M, Pretel MJ, Farre M, Segura J:
Journal of Analytical Toxicology, May/June 1996,
Volume 20, 165-170. |
|
Current Diagnostic Uses of Saliva
Reference: Ferguson D.B., J. Dental
Res., 1987, Volume 66, Number 2, 420-424. |
|
Daily Salivary Anticonvulsant Monitoring
in Patients with Intractable Epilepsy
Reference: Herkes, G.K., Eadie M.J., Clin
Exp Neurol., 1989, Volume 26, 141-149. |
|
Detection of Dexamethasone in Saliva
Reference: Thijssen JHH, Gispen-de Wied
CC, van Heeswijk GM, Veeman W, Clinical Chemistry,
1996, Volume 42, Number 8, 1238-1242. |
|
Detection of Drugs of Abuse by
Radioimmunoassay: A Summary of Published Data and Some New
Information
Reference: Cleeland R, Christenson J,
Usategui-Gomez M, Heveran J, Davis R, Grunberg E:
Clinical Chemistry, 1976, Volume 22, Number 6:712-725. |
|
Detection of Drugs in Saliva of Impaired
Drivers
Reference: Peel H.W., Perrigo B.J.,
Mikhael N.Z.: Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1984,
Volume 29:185-189. |
|
Driving Tests with Patients
Reference: deGier JJ: Br. J. Clin.
Pharmac., 1984, Volume 18, 103S-108S. |
|
Drug Analysis Technology - Pitfalls and
Problems of Drug Testing
Reference: McBay AJ: Clinical
Chemistry, 1987, Volume 33, Number 11(B) 33B-40B. |
|
Drug Concentration in Saliva
Reference: Mucklow J.C., Bending M.R.,
Kahn G.C., Dollery C.T.: Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.,
November 1978, Volume 24, 563-570. |
|
Drug Screening Practices in Small
Businesses: A Survey
Reference: Godefroi R, McCunney RJ, Occupational
Medicine Forum, 300, 302. |
|
Drugs of Abuse in Saliva: A Review
Reference: Schramm W., Smith R.H., Craig
P.A.: Journal of Analytical Toxicology,
January/February 1992, Volume 16, 1-9. |
|
Drug-Testing Methods and Reliability
Reference: Fretthold DW: Journal of
Psychoactive Drugs, October-December 1990, Volume 22,
Number 4, 419-428. |
|
Elevated Drug Saliva Levels Suggest a
"Depot-Like" Effect in Subjects Treated with
Sublingual Buprenorphine
Reference: Cone EJ, Dickerson SL, Darwin
WD, Fudala P, Johnson RE: National Institute on Drug
Abuse, Research Monograph, 1991, Volume 105:569. |
|
Evaluation of the Ames Seralyzer for the
Determination of Carbamazepine, Phenobarbital, and
Phenytoin Concentrations in Saliva
Reference: Miles M.V., Tennison M.B.,
Greenwood R.S., Benoit S.E., Thorn M.D., Messenheimer J.A.,
Ehle A.L.: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 1990,
Volume 12, 501-510. |
|
Excretion of Drugs in Saliva,
Salicylate, Barbiturate, Sulfanilamide
Reference: Borzelleca J.F., Doyle C.H.: Journal
of Oral Therapeutics and Pharmacology, September 1966,
Volume 3, Number 2, 104-111. |
|
False-Positive Postmortem EMIT Drugs of
Abuse Assay Due to Lactate Dehydrogenase and Lactate in
Urine
Reference: Sloop G, Hall M, Simmons GT,
Robinson CA: Journal of Analytical Toxicology,
November/December 1995, Volume 19, 554-556. |
|
Human Saliva: Clinical Chemistry and
Microbiology - Volume I
Reference: Jorma O. Tenovuo, D.Odont., CRC
Press, Inc., Volume 1, 46-60. |
|
Impact of Adulterants on RIA Analysis of
Urine for Drugs of Abuse
Reference: Cody J.T., Schwarzhoff R.H., Journal
of Analytical Toxicology, September/October 1989,
Volume 13, 277-284. |
|
Interactions Between Drugs and
Saliva-Stimulating Parafilm and Their Implications in
Measurements of Saliva Drug Levels
Reference: Chang K, Chiou WL: Research
Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology,
February 1976, Volume 13, Number 2:357-360. |
|
Interactions Between Phencyclidine and D
9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Mice Following Smoke Exposure
Reference: Freeman AS, Martin BR: Life
Science, 1983,Volume 32, Number 10, 1081-1089. |
|
Interference by Nonsteroidal
Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in EMIT® and TDx®
Assays for Drugs of Abuse
Reference: Joseph R, Dickerson S, Willis
R, Frankenfield D, Cone EJ: Journal of Analytical
Toxicology, January/February 1995, Volume 19, 13-17. |
|
Interference of Common Household
Chemicals in Immunoassay Methods for Drugs of Abuse
Reference: Warner A: Clinical
Chemistry, 1989, Volume 35, Number 4:648-651. |
|
Interference of Herbal Drinks with
Urinalysis for Drugs of Abuse
Reference: Winek CL, Elzein EO, Wahba
WW, Feldman JA, Journal of Analytical Toxicology,
July/August 1993, Volume 17, 246-247. |
|
Intraindividual Variability of
Carbamazepine, Phenobarbital and Phenytoin Concentrations
in Saliva
Reference: Miles MV, Tennison MB,
Greenwood RS: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 1991,
Volume 13, Number 2:166-171. |
|
Investigation of Interference by
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Urine Tests for
Abused Drugs
Reference: Rollins DE, Jennison TA,
Jones G: Clinical Chemistry, 1990, Volume 36,
Number 4, 602-606. |
|
Issues Associated with Testing for Drugs
in Oral Fluids
Reference: Hamilton W, Drummer OH, Bulletin
of the International Association of Forensic Toxicologists,
8-9. |
|
Measurement of Drugs in Saliva: A Review
Reference: Paxton J.W.: Methods and
Findings Exptl Clin. Pharmacol., 1979, Volume 1:11-21. |
|
Monitoring Saliva Concentrations of
Methaqualone, Codeine, Secobarbital, Diphenhydramine and
Diazepam after Single Oral Doses
Reference: Sharp M.E., Wallace S.M.,
Hindmarsh K.W., Peel H.W.: Journal of Analytical Toxicology,
January/February 1983, Volume 7, 11-14. |
|
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug
Interference in TDx® Assays for Abused Drugs
Reference: Larsen J, Fogerson R: Clinical
Chemistry, 1988, Volume 34, Number 5:987-988. |
|
One Sample Antipyrine Clearance After
90% Partial Hepatectomy in the Rat
Reference: Poulsen HE, Liver 1985,
Volume 5, 200-204. |
|
Perspiration Versus Saliva - Basic
Aspects Concerning Their Use in Roadside Drug Testing
Reference: Skopp G., Pötsch
L., International Journal Legal Medicine, 1999,
Volume 112:213-221. |
|
Phencyclidine, Lysergic Acid
Diethylamide, and Mescaline: Cerebral Artery Spasms and
Hallucinogenic Activity
Reference: Altura BT, et al: Science,
May 29,1981 May 29;212:1051-1052. |
|
Possible Roles for Frequent Salivary
Antiepileptic Drug Monitoring in the Management of
Epilepsy
Reference: Herkes GK, Eadie MJ, Epilepsy
Res., 1990, Volume 6, 146-154. |
|
Rat Cocaethylene and Benzoylecgonine
Concentrations in Plasma and Parotid Saliva after the
Administration of Cocaethylene
Reference: Barbieri E.J., DiGregorio G.J.,
Ferko A.P., Ruch E.K., Journal of Analytical Toxicology,
January/February 1994, Volume 18, 60-61. |
|
Risks of Random Drug Testing
Reference: Caidin M: Aviation Safety,
June 15, 1993; 6-8. |
|
Saliva As A Diagnostic Fluid
Reference: Malamud D, Tabak L, Annals
of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1993, Volume 694,
276-279. |
|
Saliva Collection Technique for
Cytologic, Microbiologic and Viral Evaluation in Pediatric
HIV Infection
Reference: Flaitz CM, Hicks MJ, Carter
AB, Rossmann SN, Demmler GJ, Simon CL, Cron SG, Shearer
WT, Kline MW, Journal of Dentistry for Children,
September - October 1998, 318-324. |
|
Saliva: Emerging Specimen of Choice?
Reference: The Genesis Report -
June 1991. |
|
Salivary Anticonvulsant Levels in
Children: A Comparison of Methods
Reference: Goldsmith R.F., Ouvrier R.A.,
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 1981, Volume 3, Number
2, 151-157. |
|
Salivary Flow in Health and Disease
Reference: Sreebny L.M., DDS,MS,PhD
Professor: Compend Contin Educ Dent, Suppl. Number
13, S461-S469. |
|
Saliva Monitoring of Anticonvulsants
Reference: Reynolds F, Knott C: Journal
of Clinical Chemistry Clin Biochem. 1989, Volume 27,
Number 4, 226-227. |
|
Saliva Secretion Rate in a Group of Drug
Addicts (short communication)
Reference: Scheutz F, Scand. J.
Dental Res., Volume 91, Number 16, 1983; 496-498. |
|
Saliva Testing for Drugs of Abuse
Reference: Edward J. Cone, Addiction
Research Center, National Institute on Drug Abuse. |
|
Salivary Immunoglobulins: Normal Adult
Values and Dissociation Between Serum and Salivary Levels
Reference: Claman HN, Merrill DA,
Hartley TF: J. Allergy, September 1967, Volume 40,
Number 3, 151-159. |
|
Screening for Drugs of Abuse: (II):
Cannabinoids, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Buprenorphine,
Methadone, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines and Other Drugs
Reference: Simpson D, Braithwaite RA,
Jarvie DR, Stewart MJ, Walker S, Watson IW, Widdop B,
Ann Clin Biochem, 1997, Volume 34, 460-510. |
|
Selected Strategies for Improving
Sensitivity and Reliability of Immunoassays
Reference: Larry J. Kirka, Clinical
Chemistry, 1994, Volume 40, Number 3, 347-357. |
|
Simultaneous Assay of Cocaine, Heroin,
and Metabolites in Hair, Plasma, Saliva and Urine by Gas
Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Reference: Wang W, Darwin W D, Cone EJ: Journal
of Chromatography B, 1994, 660:279-290. |
|
Simultaneous Determination of
Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, Primidone and
Their Principal Metabolites by High-Performance Liquid
Chromatography with Photodiode-Array Detection
Reference: Liu H, Delgado M, Forman LJ,
Eggers CM, Montoya JL: Journal of Chromatography,
1993, Volume 616:105-115. |
|
Specificity of the Cannabinoid
Metabolite and Phencyclidine EMIT d.a.u. Assays
Reference: Allen Jr., L.V., Stiles M.L.,
Journal of Analytical Toxicology, January/February
1988, Volume 12, 45-47. |
|
Testing for Drugs of Abuse in Saliva and
Sweat
Reference: Kidwell DA, Holland JC,
Athanaselis S: Journal of Chromatography B. 713
(1998);111-135 |
|
The Application of Saliva in Laboratory
Medicine - Report on the Workshop Conference
Also includes: Interpretation of
Salivary Drug Concentrations, Saliva Monitoring of
Anticonvulsants, and Value of Saliva Anticonvulsant
Monitoring in Pregnancy and the Newborn
Reference: Haeckel R.: Journal Clin.
Chem. Clin. Biochem., 1989, Volume 27:221-252. |
|
The Distribution of Anti-Epileptic Drugs
Between Serum, Saliva and Cerebrospinal Fluid
Reference: Blom G.F., Guellen P.J.M.: Antiepileptic
Drug Monitoring, Pitman Medical Publishing Company,
Ltd. - Kent, England. |
|
The Effects of Adulterating Agents on
FPIA Analysis of Urine for Drugs of Abuse
Reference: Schwarzhoff R, Cody JT, Journal
of Analytical Toxicology, January/February 1993,
Volume 17, 14-17. |
|
The Effect of Dietary Energy and Protein
Deficiency on Drug Metabolism
Reference: Hamberg O., Ovesen L.,
Dorfeldt A., Loft S., Sonne J., Eur J Clin Pharmacol,
1990, Volume 38, 567-570. |
|
The Medical Review Officer
Reference: Macdonald DI: Journal of
Psychoactive Drugs, 1990, Volume 22:439-434. |
|
The Monitoring of Saliva Drug Levels:
Psychiatric Applications
Reference: El-Guebaly N, Davidson WJ,
Sures HA, Griffin W: Can. J. Psychiatry, February
1981, Volume 26, Number 1, 43-48. |
|
The Place of Saliva in Antiepileptic
Drug Monitoring
Reference: Knott C., Reynolds F., Therapeutic
Drug Monitoring, Volume 6, Number 1, 1984, 35-41. |
|
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Saliva
Reference: Danhof M., Breimer D.D., Clinical
Pharmacokinetics, 1978, Volume 3, 39-57. |
|
The Sodium Concentration of Parotid
Saliva in "Hard" Drug Addicts
Reference: Willis J, Aylett P, The
International Journal of the Addictions, 1973, Volume
8, Number 3, 569-576. |
|
The Use of Saliva in Therapeutic Drug
Monitoring
Reference: Mucklow J.C., Therapeutic
Drug Monitoring, 1982, Volume 4, Number 3, 229-247. |
|
The Value of Premedication in
Diminishing Salivary Secretions
Reference: Kamel M, Tewfik O, Ibrahim S:
Middle East J. Anesthesiology, June 1975, Volume 4,
Number 5, 363-371. |
|
Urine Testing for Drugs of Abuse
Reference: Hawks RL, Chiang CN, NIDA
Research Monograph 73, 1986, 85-92. |
|
Use of Saliva in Therapeutic Drug
Monitoring
Reference: Horning M.G., Brown L.,
Nowlin J., Lertratanangkoon K., Kellaway P., Zion T.E.: Clinical
Chemistry, 1977, Volume 23, No. 2, 157-164. |
|
Value of Saliva Anticonvulsant
Monitoring in Pregnancy and the Newborn
Reference: Knott C, Reynolds F: Journal
Clinical Chemistry Clin Biochem, 1989, Volume 27,
Number 4, 227-228. |
| |
AMPHETAMINES: |
|
A Broad Spectrum Immunoassay Using
Fluorescence Polarization for the Detection of
Amphetamines in Urine.
Reference: Turner G.J., Colbert D.L.,
Chowdry B.Z.: Ann Clin Biochem 1991; Volume 28,
Part 6, 588-594. |
|
Detection of Amphetamine in Bloodstains,
Semen, Seminal Stains, Saliva and Saliva Stains
Reference: Smith FP: Forensic Science,
1981, Volume 17, 225-228. |
|
Evaluation of Six Commercial Amphetamine
and Methamphetamine Immunoassays for Cross-Reactivity to
Phenylpropanolamine and Ephedrine in Urine
Reference: D'Nicuola J., Jones R.,
Levine B., Smith M.L., Journal of Analytical Toxicology,
July/August 1992, Volume 16, 211-213. |
|
Kinetics, Salivary Excretion of
Amphetamine Isomers, and Effect of Urinary pH
Reference: Suk Han Wan, Ph.D., Shaikh B.
Matin, Ph.D., Daniel L. Azarnoff, M.D;
0009-9236/78/0523-0585 Ó
May 1978 The C.V. Mosby Company, Volume 23, Number
5, 585-590. |
|
Quantitative Determination of
Enantiomeric Compounds - I-Simultaneous Measurement of the
Optical Isomers of Amphetamine in Human Plasma and Saliva
Using Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Reference: Matin SB, Wan SH, Knight JB, Biomed.
Mass Spectrom, April 1977, Volume 4, Number 2:118-121. |
|
Radioimmunoassay of Amphetamines in Rat
Parotid Saliva
Reference: Digregorio GJ, Kniaz EK: Drug
and Alcohol Dependence, 1975-76, Volume 1, 377-382. |
|
Ranitidine Interference with the
Monoclonal EMIT d.a.u. Amphetamine/Methamphetamine
Immunoassay
Reference: Poklis A, Hall KV, Still J, Journal
of Analytical Toxicology, March/April 1991, Volume 15,
101-103. |
|
Using Amphetamine Isomer Ratios to
Determine the Compliance of Amphetamine Abusers Prescribed
Dexedrine
Reference: George S, Braithwaite RA, Journal
of Analytical Toxicology, April 2000, Volume 24,
223-227. |
| |
|
BARBITURATES: |
|
Analysis of Trace Amounts of
Barbiturates in Saliva
Reference: Dilli S., Pillai D.: Journal
of Chromatography, 1980, Volume 190:113-118. |
|
Assay for Cyclo-, Seco-, and
Pentobarbital by Multiple Ion Detection: Kinetics After a
Single Dose
Reference: Steudel H, Steudel A, von
Unruh GE: Journal Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem.,
Volume 20, Number 4, 1982:267-269. |
|
Comparison of Saliva Secretion Rate and
Composition in the Rat Using a Pentobarbital or a
Neuroleptanalgesic Type of Anaesthesia
Reference: Johansson I., Linder J.,
Bratt P., Caries Res 1989, Volume 23:75-77. |
|
Correlation Between the Saliva and Free
Serum Concentration of Phenobarbital in Epileptic Children
Reference: Tokugawa K., Ueda K., Fujito
H., Kurokawa T.: European Journal of Pediatrics,
1986, Volume 145, 401-402. |
|
Detection of Phenobarbital in
Bloodstains, Semen, Seminal Stains, Saliva, Saliva Stains,
Perspiration Stains, and Hair
Reference: Smith F.P., Pomposini D.A.: Journal
of Forensic Sciences, July 1981, Volume 26, 582-586. |
|
Estimation of Plasma Unbound
Phenobarbital Concentration by Using Mixed Saliva
Reference: Nishihara K., Uchino K.,
Saitoh Y., Honda Y., Nakagawa F., Tamura Z.: Epilepsia,
1979, Volume 20, 37-45. |
|
Identification and Differentiation of
Barbiturates, Other Sedative-Hypnotics and Their
Metabolites in Urine Integrated in a General Screening
Procedure Using Computerized Gas Chromatography-Mass
Spectrometry
Reference: Maurer H.H., Journal of
Chromatography, 1990, Volume 530, 307-326. |
|
Influence of Salivary pH on the
Correlation Between Salivary and Plasma Levels of
Phenobarbital in the Neonatal Period
Reference: Fabris C, Licata D, Tappi E,
Cavo L, Voglino GF, Minerva Pediatr, 1989, Volume
41, Number 1, 45-46. (Italian) |
|
Liquid Chromatographic Determination of
Barbiturates using a Hollow-Fibre Membrane for Postcolumn
pH Modifications
Reference: Haginaka J., Wakai J.: Journal
of Chromatography, 1987, Volume 390:421-428. |
|
Pharmacokinetics of Orally Administered
Hexobarbital in Plasma and Saliva of Healthy Subjects
Reference: Van Der Graaff M., Vermeulen
N.P.E., Heij P., Boeijinga J.K., Breimer D.D.: Biopharmaceutics
& Drug Disposition, 1986, Volume 7, 265-272. |
|
Phenobarbital Pharmacokinetics and
Salivary and Serum Concentrations in Pregnancy
Reference: Luoma PV, Heikkinen JE, Ylöstalo
PR, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 1982, Volume 4,
Number 1, 65-68. |
|
Phenytoin and Phenobarbital
Concentrations in Saliva and Plasma Measured by
Radioimmunoassay
Reference: Cook C.E., Amerson E., Poole
W.K., Lesser P., O’Tuama L.: Clinical Pharmacology
and Therapeutics, 1975, Volume 18, Number 6,
742-747. |
|
Possible Roles for Frequent Salivary
Antiepileptic Drug Monitoring in the Management of
Epilepsy
Reference: Herkes G.K., Eadie M.J., Epilepsy
Res., 1990, Volume 6, 146-154. |
|
Prevention of Gastrointestinal
Absorption of Phenobarbital by Activated Carbon Beads as
an Oral Adsorbent
Reference: Honda Y, Nakano M, Nakano NI,
Journal Pharmacbio-Dyn., 1990, Volume 13, 597-601. |
|
Rapid Trace Analysis of Barbiturates in
Blood and Saliva by High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography
Reference: Tjaden U.R., Kraak J.C.,
Huber J.F.K.: Journal of Chromatography, 1977,
Volume 143:183-194. |
|
Saliva Phenobarbital and Phenytoin
Concentrations in Epileptic Adolescents
Reference: Friedman I.M., Litt I.F.,
Henson R., Holtzman D., Halverson D.: The Journal of
Pediatrics, 1981, Volume 98, Number 4:645-647. |
|
Salivary Excretion of Amobarbital in Man
Reference: Inaba T., Kalow W.: Clinical
Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 1975, Volume 18, Number
5, 558-562. |
| |
|
BENZODIAZEPINES: |
|
A Novel Method for Measuring
Benzodiazepines in Saliva
Reference: Rosenblatt. J.E., Bridge T.P.,
Wyatt R.J.: Communications in Psychopharmacology,
1979, Volume 3, 49-53. |
|
Determination of Some Benzodiazepines
and Metabolites in Serum, Urine, and Saliva by
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Reference: Tjaden U.R., Meeles M.T.H.A.,
Thys C.P., Van Der Kaay M.: Journal of Chromatography,
1980, Volume 181:227-241. |
|
False-Positive Immunoassay Results for
Urine Benzodiazepine in Patients Receiving Oxaprozin
Reference: Camara PD, Audette L,
Velletri K, Breitenbecher P, Rosner M, Griffiths WC: Clinical
Chemistry, Volume 41, Number 1, 1995:115-116. |
|
Identification of Urinary
Benzodiazepines and their Metabolites: Comparison of
Automated HPLC and GC/MS after Immunoassay Screening of
Clinical Specimens
Reference: Valentine JL, Middleton R,
Sparks C: Journal of Analytical Toxicology, October
1996, Volume 20, 416-424. |
|
Saliva Benzodiazepine Levels and
Clinical Outcome in Detoxifying Alcoholic Patients
Reference: Bridge TP, Rosenblatt JE,
Burbach RV, Wyatt RJ: Communications in
Psychopharmacology, 1980, Volume 4, 367-381. |
|
Serum Albumin Binding of Some
Benzodiazepines: Practical Implications for the Relation
Between Free Serum and Saliva Concentrations
Reference: t'Hart BJ, Pharmaceutisch
Weekblad Scientific Edition, 1988, Volume 10, 287-288. |
|
Solid-Phase Microextraction and GC-ECD
of Benzophenones for Detection of Benzodiazepines in Urine
Reference: Guan F, Seno H, Ishii A,
Watanabe K, Kumazawa T, Hattori H, Suzuki O: Journal of
Analytical Toxicology, January/February 1999, Volume
23, 54-61. |
|
The Determination of Salivary pH by
Contact pH Meter in Individuals Receiving Psychotropic
Therapy. Study of pH on the Tongue and at the Orifice of
Wharton's and Stenon's ducts.
Reference: Gomez C, Gachon AM, Peri G,
Dastugue B, Revue de Stomatologie, Paris, 1978,
Volume 79, Number 6, 475-481. |
|
The Stability of Benzodiazepines in
Saliva
Reference: t'Hart BJ, Wilting J, deGier
JJ, Meth and Find Exptl Clinical Pharmacology,
1988, Volume 10, Number 1, 21-26. |
| |
|
BETA BLOCKERS: |
|
Acebutolol Saliva Excretion
Reference: Giudicelli JF, Freslon JL,
Richer C: Brit. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology,
1979, Volume 8, 373-375. |
|
Comparison of Plasma and Saliva Levels
of Metoprolol and Oxprenolol
Reference: Dawes CP, Kendall MJ: British
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Plasma Levels with b
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Plasma Propranolol Levels in Adults
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Plasma-Salivary Ratios of Acebutolol and
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The Use of Electron Impact and Positive
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CANNABINOIDS: |
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Blood Cannabinoids: I. Absorption of THC
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Smoking Marijuana
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Blood Cannabinoids: II. Models for the
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Cannabinoids in Blood and Urine After
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Cannabinoids: Influence on
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Clinical Effects and Plasma Levels of D
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Comparison of the Effects of the Isomers
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Concentration-Effect Relationship of D
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Confirmation of Cannabis Use by the
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Reference: Law B, Mason PA, Moffat AC,
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Cross-Tolerance Between Inhaled Cannabis
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Reference: Fried PA: Pharmacology
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Delta-8 and Delta-9
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Reference: Hollister LE, Gillespie HK, Clinical
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Detection of Recent Cannabis Use by
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Detection of D
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Determination of Cannabinoids in Water
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Determination of D
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Determination of Urinary Cannabinoid
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Effect of Subject Expectancy on the THC
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Forensic Aspects of the Metabolism and
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Human Urinary Excretion Profile after
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Hypochlorite Adulteration of Urine
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Passive Inhalation of Cannabis Smoke
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Passive Smoking of Cannabis
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Plasma Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol
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Reinforcing and Subjective Effects of
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Relationships Between Several
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Salivary THC Following Cannabis Smoking
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Screening for Cannabinoids in Blood
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Simultaneous Quantitation of
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Stability of 11-Nor D
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The Constituents of Cannabis and the
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The Effects of D
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Urinary Excretion Half-Life of D
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Urinary Excretion of 11-nor-9-Carboxy-D
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Urinary Excretion Profiles of
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CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE: |
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Chlordiazepoxide Concentrations in
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Reference: Lucek R., Dixon R.: Research
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February 1980, Volume 27, Number 2, 397-400. |
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|
COCAINE: |
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Cocaine and Metabolite Excretion in
Saliva under Stimulated and Nonstimulated Conditions
Reference: Kato K., Hillsgrove M.,
Weinhold L., Gorelick D.A., Darwin W.D., Cone E.J.: Journal
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Cocaine Contamination of United States
Paper Currency
Reference: Oyler J, Darwin WD, Cone EJ: Journal
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Cocaine Disposition in Saliva Following
Intravenous, Intranasal, and Smoked Administration
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W.D., Journal of Analytical Toxicology, October
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Cocaine in Hair, Saliva, Skin Swabs, and
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Comparison of Heroin and Cocaine
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Cone E.J.: Journal of Analytical Toxicology,
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Confirmation of Cocaine in Human Saliva
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Correlation of Buccal Mucosal Transudate
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Correlation of Saliva Cocaine Levels
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LK, Sherer M, Journal of Analytical Toxicology,
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External Contamination of Hair by
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Immunoassay for Detection of
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Passive Freebase Cocaine ('Crack')
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Passive Inhalation of Cocaine
Reference: Baselt RC, Yoshikawa DM,
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Passive Inhalation of Cocaine
Reference: Cone EJ, Yousefnejad D,
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Prolonged Detection Period for Cocaine
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Prolonged Occurrence of Cocaine in Human
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Reference: Cone E.J., Weddington Jr.
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Stability of Cocaine in Saliva
Reference: Cone EJ, Menchen SL: Clinical
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Unsuspected Cocaine Exposure in Young
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Reference: Kharasch SJ, Glotzer D, Vinci
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COTININE: |
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Does Pooling Saliva for Cotinine Testing
Save Money Without Losing Information?
Reference: Bell R.M., Ellickson P.L.: Journal
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503-507. |
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Highly Sensitive Immuno-Assays for the
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Nicotine Concentrations in Urine and
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T., Russell M.: British Medical Journal, April 3,
1982, Volume 284, 1002-1004. |
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Passive Exposure to Tobacco Smoke:
Saliva Cotinine Concentrations in a Representative
Population Sample of Non-Smoking Schoolchildren
Reference: Jarvis M.J., Russell M.,
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British Medical Journal, October 5, 1985,
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Properties of Saliva Cotinine in Young
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July 1988, Volume 78, Number 7, 842-843. |
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Relative Sensitivity and Specificity of
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Status of Self-Reported Nonsmokers and Smokers of Tobacco
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Reference: Van Vunakis H., Ph.D.,
Tashkin D.P., M.D., Rigas B., M.D., Simmons M., Gjika H.B.,
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Saliva Cotinine as a Measure of Smoking
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July 1987, Volume 77, Number 7, 846-848.. |
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Serum and Saliva Concentrations of
Cotinine in Smokers and Passive Smokers
Reference: Jarczyk L., Scherer G.,
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Situational Factors and Patterns
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Some Properties of Saliva Cotinine
Measurements in Indicating Exposure to Tobacco Smoking
Reference: Di Giusto E., BSc, Eckhard I,
Ph.D.: American Journal of Public Health, October
1986, Volume 76, Number 10, 1245-1246. |
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DIAZEPAM: |
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A Rapid Capillary Gas Chromatographic
Method for the Determination of Diazepam in Human Plasma
and Saliva
Reference: Klebovich I., Kapas M.,
Vereczkey L.: Acta Pharmaceutica Hungarica, 1982,
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Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Diazepam
Reference: Mandelli M., Tognoni G.,
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Comparison of Plasma and Saliva Levels
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Reference: deGier J.J., ‘t Hart B.J.,
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1980, Volume 10, 151-155. |
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Complications in Correlation Studies
Between Serum, Free Serum, and Saliva Concentrations of
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Reference: t'Hart BJ, Wilting J, deGier
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Diazepam Concentrations in Parotid
Saliva, Mixed Saliva, and Plasma
Reference: DiGregorio G.J., Piraino A.J.,
Ruch E.: Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., December 1978,
Volume 24, Number 6, 720-725. |
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Diazepam and n-Desmethyldiazepam
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Reference: Hallstrom C., Lader M.H.,
Curry S.H.: Br. J. Clin. Pharmac., 1980,Volume 9,
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Diazepam and n-Desmethyldiazepam in
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Diazepam: Determination in Micro Samples
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Reference: Dixon R., Crews T., Journal
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Disposition of Intravenous Diazepam in
Young Men and Women
Reference: Giles HG, Sellers EM, Naranjo
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Effect of Diazepam on Human Salivary
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Reference: Steiner JE, Birnbaum D,
Karmeli F, Cohen S: Digestion 3: 1970, 262-268. |
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Pharmacokinetics of Nitrazepam in Saliva
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Reference: Kangas L., Allonen H.,
Lammintausta R., Salomen M., Pekkarinen A.: Acta
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Pharmacokinetic Profile of Diazepam in
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Reference: Kaplan SA, Jack ML, Alexander
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1973, Volume 62, Number 11, 1789-1796. |
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Psychomotor Performance and Real Driving
Performance of Outpatients Receiving Diazepam
References: deGier J.J., ‘t Hart B.J.,
Nelemans F.A., Bergman H.: Psychopharmacology,
1981, Volume 73, 340-344. |
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Saliva and Plasma Concentration of
Diazepam after a Single Oral Dose
Reference: Giles H.G., Zilm D.H.,
Frecker R.C., Macleod S.M., Sellers E.M.: British
Journal Clinical Pharmac., 1977, Volume 4, 711-712. |
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Sensitive Gas Chromatographic Method for
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Reference: 't Hart BJ, Wilting J: Journal
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ETHANOL: |
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False-Positive EMIT®-st™
Ethanol Screen with Post-Mortem Infant Plasma
Reference: Badcock NR, O'Reilly DA: Clinical
Chemistry, 1992, Volume 38, Number 3, 434. |
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False-Positive Ethanol in Clinical and
Postmortem Sera by Enzymatic Assay: Elimination of
Interference by Measuring Alcohol in Protein-Free
Ultrafiltrate
Reference: Thompson WC, Malhotra D,
Schammel DP, Blackwell W, Ward ME, Dasgupta A: Clinical
Chemistry, 1994, Volume 40, Number 8, 1594-1595. |
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False-Positive Ethanol Results by EMIT®
Reference: Thede-Reynolds K, Johnson GF:
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1143. |
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FENTANYL: |
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An Analysis of the Duration of Fentanyl
and Its Metabolites in Urine and Saliva
Reference: Silverstein JH, Rieders MF,
McMullin M, Schulman S, Zahl K: Anesthesia &
Analgesia, 1993, Volume 76, Number 3, 618-621. |
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HEROIN: |
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Detection of O6-Monoacetylmorphine
in Urine Samples by GC/MS as Evidence for Heroin Use
Fehn J, Megges G: Journal of
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134-138. |
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Gas Chromatography/Electron Impact Mass
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a Metabolite of Heroin
Reference: Paul BD, Mitchell JM, Mell,
Jr. LD: Journal of Analytical Toxicology,
January/February 1989, Volume 13, 2-7. |
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Validity of Screening Methods for Drugs
of Abuse in Biological Fluids - II. Heroin in Plasma and
Saliva
Reference: Gorodetzky CW, Kullberg MP:
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 1974, Volume
15, 579-587. |
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LSD: |
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Confirmation of LSD Intoxication by
Analysis of Serum and Urine
Reference: McCarron MM, Walberg CB,
Baselt RC: Journal of Analytical Toxicology,
May/June 1990, Volume 14, 165-167. |
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MARIJUANA: |
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A Cumulative Dosing Procedure for
Administering Marijuana Smoke to Humans
Reference: Chait LD, Corwin RL, Johanson
CE: Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 1988,
Volume 29, 553-557. |
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Behavioral Pharmacokinetics of Marijuana
Reference: Barnett G, Licko V, Thompson
T: Psychopharmacology, 1985, Volume 85, 51-56. |
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Characterization of the Absorption Phase
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Reference: Huestis MA, Sampson AH,
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Ther., July 1992, Volume 52, Number 1, 31-41. |
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Comparison Effects of Marijuana
Cigarettes of Three Different Potencies
Reference: Perez-Reyes M, Di Guiseppi S,
Davis KH, Schindler VH, Cook CE: Clinical Pharmacology
and Therapeutics, May 1982, Volume 31, Number 5,
617-624. |
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Detection Times of Marijuana Metabolites
in Urine by Immunoassay and GC-MS
Reference: Huetis MA, Mitchell JM, Cone
EJ: Journal of Analytical Toxicology, October 1995,
Volume 19, 443-449. |
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Discriminative Stimulus and Subjective
Effects of Smoked Marijuana in Humans
Reference: Chait LD, Evans SM, Grant KA,
Kamien JB, Johanson CE, Schuster CR: Psychopharmacology
1988, Volume 94, 206-212. |
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Drug Testing in the Workplace: Could a
Positive Test for One of the Mandated Drugs be for Reasons
Other than Illicit Use of the Drug?
Reference: Elsohly MA, Jones AB: Journal
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450-458. |
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Effects of Tetrahydrocannabinol Content
on Marijuana Smoking Behavior, Subjective Reports and
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Reference: Heishman SJ, Stitzer ML,
Yingling JE: Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior,
1988, Volume 34, 173-179. |
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Effects of Varying Marijuana Smoking
Profile on Deposition of Tar and Absorption of CO and D
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J, Chang P, Hui KK, Yu JL, Wu TC: Pharmacology
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Embalming Fluid-Soaked Marijuana: New
High or New Guise for PCP?
Reference: Holland JA, Nelson L,
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Kinetic Study of Smoking Marijuana
Reference: Barnett G, Chiang CN,
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495-506. |
Marijuana Carry-Over Effects on Aircraft
Pilot Performance.
Reference: Leirer VO, Yesavage JA,
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Marijuana Effect and
Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Plasma Level
Reference: Chiang CN, Barnett G: Clinical
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Marijuana Effects and Urinalysis After
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Reference: Cone EJ: National Institute
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Marijuana Smoking: Effect of Varying D
9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Content and Number of
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Marijuana Smoking: Factors that
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Passive Inhalation of Marijuana Smoke
and Urinary Excretion of Cannabinoids
Reference: Perez-Reyes M, Di Guiseppi S,
Mason AP, Davis KH: Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 1983,
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Passive Inhalation of Marijuana Smoke:
Urinalysis and Room Air Levels of
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Reference: Cone E.J., Johnson R.E.,
Darwin W.D., Yousefnejad D., Mell L.D., Paul B.D.,
Mitchell J., Journal of Analytical Toxicology,
May/June 1987, Volume 11, 89-96. |
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